Stem cells play a central role in the development of multicellular organisms and diverse regeneration processes throughout their lifes, e.g. replacing diseased and damaged tissues. They are unspecialized precursor cells characterized by their abilities of self-renewal and pluripotency, that means they can undergo numerous rounds of cell division maintaining the undifferentiated state and are able to develop into different types of cells such as skin, muscle or blood cells.
Mammalian stem cells are generally comprised of two types: Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from the epiblast tissue of the inner cell mass of an early stage embryo (blastocyst) and are considered pluripotent and capable to differentiate into any cell type of the adult body. Adult stem cells (also known as somatic stem cells) are undifferentiated cells found in the tissues of children and adults. Their main function is to replace dead or damaged specialiced cells and to maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs. Most adult stem cells are lineage-restricted (multipotent) and characterized by a limited self-renewal and differentiation capacity usually restricted to cell types of the tissue in which they reside. In contrast, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are not adult stem cells but specialised, somatic adult cells (e.g. epithelial cells) that have been genetically reprogrammed to pluripotent cells which are in many respects similar to natural pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells.
PromoKine provides a variety of cytokines and growth factors important in stem cell research: