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In the early stages of apoptosis, changes can be observed on the cell surface: Cells lose their phospholipid membrane asymmetry and expose phosphatidylserine (PS) on the exterior plasma membrane. Annexin V is a Ca2+-dependent, phospholipid-binding protein with high affinity for phosphatidylserine (PS) and is thus very useful for identifying apoptotic cells exposing PS on the cell surface to the extracellular environment. Annexin V may be conjugated to biotin or fluorophores such as FITC and phycoerythrin (PE) or it may be tagged with EGFP (Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein). Since Annexin V conjugates or tagged Annexins retain their high affinity for PS, they are ideally suited as highly sensitive probes to identify early apoptotic cells and to detect apoptosis much earlier than assays based on DNA fragmentation or loss of membrane integrity. The stained cells can be evaluated by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy using common filter sets and flow cytometer channels.
The Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kits include an Annexin V conjugate or a tagged Annexin V, respectively, as well as binding buffer and partially also propidium iodide (PI) for differentiating between early apoptotic and necrotic cells. The kits allow a one-step staining procedure that takes only 10 minutes. In addition, the assay can be directly performed on living cells.
Promokine Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit plus includes an additional dye, SYTOX green, that is impermeant to live and apoptotic cells, but stains necrotic cells with intense green fluorescence by binding to cellular nucleic acids. After staining a cell population with e.g. fluorescent Annexin V-Cy3 or Annexin V-PE conjugates and SYTOX Green dye in the provided binding buffer, apoptotic cells show red fluorescence, dead cells show green fluorescence and live cells show little or no fluorescence. These populations can easily be distinguished by fluorescence microscopy using the appropriate filters.
PromoKine also offers a wide range of Annexin V reagents separately. For easy staining of early apoptotic cells, Annexin V conjugated to FITC, PE, Cy3, Cy5 and biotin are available, as well as Annexin V tagged with EGFP. The stained cells can be evaluated by flow cytometry or fluorescence microscopy using common filter sets and flow cytometer channels. Biotinylated Annexin V can be detected in conjunction with conventional dye-staining using any streptavidin- or avidin-dye reagents, such as our PromoFluor-streptavidin/avidin conjugates, fluorescein-, PE- or APC-streptavidin as well as streptavidin/avidin conjugated to peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase (AP), β-gal, etc.